Consider the following descriptions of approaches used in valuing real estate:
- Approach 1: In this approach, the present value of after-tax cash flows are calculated based on the investor’s required rate of return before the equity portion of the investment is deducted.
- Approach 2: In this approach, the value of land is estimated and is added to the price that would have to be paid if a property had to be replaced.
- Approach 3: In this approach, an appraisal price is estimated as the discounted net operating income based on the market required rate of return.
- Approach 4: This approach relies on examining recent transaction prices from a group of similar properties and depends on a reasonably liquid market.
List in order, from Approach 1 to Approach 4, the real estate valuation methods that correspond to each of the four valuation approaches listed above.
A) |
The income method, the cost method, the sales comparison method, and the discounted after-tax cash flow model. | |
B) |
The discounted after-tax cash flow model, the cost method, the income method, and the sales comparison method. | |
C) |
The income method, the discounted after-tax cash flow model, the sales comparison method, and the cost method. | |
The approach that suggests that the present value of after-tax cash flows be calculated based on the investor’s required rate of return before the equity portion of the investment is deducted, is the discounted after-tax cash flow model. The approach that adds an estimate for the value of land to the price tag that would have to be paid if a property had to be replaced, is the cost method. The approach that requires an estimate for net operating income (NOI) which is subsequently discounted by an estimate of the market required rate of return to obtain the appraisal price, is the income method. Finally, the approach that relies on examining recent transaction prices from a group of similar properties, is the sales comparison method. The accuracy of this method depends on there being a liquid real estate market from transactions data that can be collected. |