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The value of a futures contract between the times when the account is marked-to-market is:

A)	equal to the difference between the price of a newly issued contract and the settle price at the most recent mark-to-market period.

B)	never less than the value of a forward contract entered into on the same date.

C)	the same as the contract price.

Between the mark-to-market account adjustments, the contract value is calculated just like that of a forward contract; it is the difference between the price at the last mark-to-market and the current futures price, (i.e. the futures price on a newly issued contract). The mark-to-market of a futures contract is the payment or receipt of funds necessary to adjust for the gains or losses on the position. This adjusts the contract price to the ‘no-arbitrage’ price currently prevailing in the market.

A)	is based on the difference between the futures price at contract initiation and the current futures price.

B)	is zero after the mark-to-market period.

C)	is equal to the margin balance in the futures account after the mark-to-market period.

The value of a futures contract may be positive or negative during a trading day, however when the account is marked-to-market the futures price is effectively reset to the most recent settle price so that the contract has zero value unless the equilibrium price is outside daily price change limits.

A)	equal to the variation margin paid on any given day.

B)	zero when the account is marked to market for an account that has sufficient margin.

C)	calculated in the same manner as the value of a forward contract.

The value of a futures contract is zero when the account is marked-to-market and there is no margin call. The price of the contract is adjusted to the new ‘no-arbitrage’value, which is theoretically the same as the settle price at the end of trading, as long as price change limits have not been reached. Note that this is different from a forward contract. With a forward contract, the forward price is fixed for the life of the contract so the contract may accumulate either a positive or negative value as the forward price for new contracts changes over the life of the contract.

The primary difference in credit risk between forwards and futures contracts is most likely because:

A)	forwards markets have higher-quality participants.

B)	futures are marked to market daily.

C)	futures markets have higher-quality participants.

Futures are marked to market daily—this reduces credit risk to a single day’s losses.