- They satisfy social needs. People join organizations because they consider that they will be more secure, more successful, have more needs and wants satisfied and be better off.

- Organisations exist primarily because they are more efficient at fulfilling needs than individuals. The main reason for this is the ability to employ the techniques of specilisation and the division of labour.

Specialisation occurs when organizations or individual workers concentrate on a limited type of activity. This allows them to build up a greater level of skill and knowledge than they would if they attempted to be good at everything.

Division of labour is where each worker specializes in only one small aspect of the total process. This benefits the employer in three ways:

- The simple tasks encourage the use of highly specific equipment

- Semi-skilled labour can be employed rather than highly skilled operatives

- Workers are only responsible for one process and so are able to develop a high level of expertise and increase their output per period.

Organizations can achieve results which individuals cannot achieve by themselves. Organisations:

Ø Overcome people’s individual limitations

Ø Enable people to specialize

Ø Save time

Ø Accumulate and share knowledge

Ø Pool the expertise

Ø Enable synergy: by bringing together two individuals their combined output will exceed their output if they continued working separately

In brief, organizations enable people to be more productive.

1.1 Classifications of organizations

Classification highlight similarities and differences among organizations. It can be based on:

- Size e.g. number of employees, volume of sales, profits earned

- Profit motive e.g. commercial or charitable

- Legal form e.g. sole trader, partnership and limited company

- Control e.g. directors, trustees, shareholders

- Ownership e.g. public (government owned) or private

dd

继续努力

thx

好东西，下下来看看

再来一贴，终于够条件了

i want to see

ding

可以了吧？

又看不成

thank u

谢谢

分析家：中方或主动

减轻历史问题冲击

　　至于中国方面，据步平介绍，中方此次参与中日历史共同研究项目的10名专家有中国社科院近代史研究所的专家，以及北京大学和社科院其他研究所的专家。

　　不过，也有较乐观的分析家认为，在中国的经济与政治影响力迅速扩张的此时，中国政府把处理好对外关系当成中国崛起不可缺少的一个要素。日本既是经济强国又是中国近邻，中方或许会更主动付出努力，减轻历史问题对中日关系的潜在冲击。

刚刚电脑死机拉！看个东西好这么难

thinkc