答案和详解如下： 1.Meredith Suresh, an analyst with Torch Electric, is evaluating two capital projects. Project 1 has an initial cost of $200,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $55,000 per year for the next eight years. Project 2 has an initial cost of $100,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $40,000 per year for the next four years. Both projects should be financed at Torch’s weighted average cost of capital. Torch’s current stock price is $40 per share, and next year’s expected dividend is $1.80. The firm’s growth rate is 5 percent, the current tax rate is 30 percent, and the pre-tax cost of debt is 8 percent. Torch has a target capital structure of 50 percent equity and 50 percent debt. If Torch takes on either project, it will need to be financed with externally generated equity which has flotation costs of 4 percent. Suresh is aware that there are two common methods for accounting for flotation costs. The first method, commonly used in textbooks, is to incorporate flotation costs directly into the cost of equity. The second, and more correct approach, is to subtract the dollar value of the flotation costs from the project NPV. If Suresh uses the cost of equity adjustment approach to account for flotation costs rather than the correct cash flow adjustment approach, will the NPV for each project be overstated or understated?
| Project 1 NPV | Project 2 NPV |
A) Overstated Overstated B) Understated Overstated C) Overstated Understated D) Understated Understated The correct answer was A) The incorrect method of accounting for flotation costs spreads the flotation cost out over the life of the project by a fixed percentage that does not necessarily reflect the present value of the flotation costs. The impact on project evaluation depends on the length of the project and magnitude of the flotation costs, however, for most projects that are shorter, the incorrect method will overstate NPV, and that is exactly what we see in this problem. Correct method of accounting for flotation costs:
After-tax cost of debt = 8.0% (1-0.30) = 5.60%
Cost of equity = ($1.80 / $40.00) + 0.05 = 0.045 + 0.05 = 9.50%
WACC = 0.50(5.60%) + 0.50(9.50%) = 7.55%
Flotation costs Project 1 = $200,000 × 0.5 × 0.04 = $4,000
Flotation costs Project 2 = $100,000 × 0.5 × 0.04 = $2,000
NPV Project 1 = -$200,000 - $4,000 + (N = 8, I = 7.55%, PMT = $55,000, FV = 0 →CPT PV = $321,535) = $117,535
NPV Project 2 = -$100,000 - $2,000 + (N = 4, I = 7.55%, PMT = $40,000, FV = 0 →CPT PV = $133,823) = $31,823
Incorrect Adjustment for cost of equity method for accounting for flotation costs:
After-tax cost of debt = 8.0% (1-0.30) = 5.60%
Cost of equity = [$1.80 / $40.00(1-0.04)] + 0.05 = 0.045 + 0.05 = 9.69%
WACC = 0.50(5.60%) + 0.50(9.69%) = 7.65%
NPV Project 1 = -$200,000 + (N = 8, I = 7.65%, PMT = $55,000, FV = 0 →CPT PV = $320,327) = $120,327
NPV Project 2 = -$100,000+ (N = 4, I = 7.65%, PMT = $40,000, FV = 0 →CPT PV = $133,523) = $33,523 2.Cullen Casket Company is considering a project that requires a $175,000 cash outlay and is expected to produce cash flows of $65,000 per year for the next four years. Cullen’s tax rate is 40 percent and the before-tax cost of debt is 9 percent. The current share price for Cullen stock is $32 per share and the expected dividend next year is $1.50 per share. Cullen’s expected growth rate is 5 percent. Cullen finances the project with 70 percent newly issued equity and 30 percent debt, and the flotation costs for equity are 4.5 percent. What is the dollar amount of the flotation costs attributable to the project, and that is the NPV for the project, assuming that flotation costs are accounted for correctly?
| Dollar amount
of floatation costs | NPV of project |
A) $5,513 $30,510 B) $5,513 $32,872 C) $7,875 $32,872 D) $7,875 $30,510 The correct answer was B) In order to determine the discount rate, we need to calculate the WACC. After-tax cost of debt = 9.0% (1 – 0.40) = 5.40%
Cost of equity = ($1.50 / $32.00) + 0.05 = 0.0469 + 0.05 = 0.0969, or 9.69%
WACC = 0.70(9.69%) + 0.30(5.40%) = 8.40% Since the project is financed with 70% newly issued equity, the amount of equity capital raised is 0.70 × $175,000 = $122,500 Flotation costs are 4.5 percent, which equates to a dollar flotation cost of $122,500 × 0.045 = $5,512.50.
3.The most accurate way to account for flotation costs when issuing new equity to finance a project is to: A) increase the cost of equity capital by dividing it by (1 – flotation cost). B) adjust cash flows in the computation of the project NPV by the dollar amount of the flotation costs. C) increase the cost of equity capital by multiplying it by (1 + flotation cost). D) adjust cash flows in the computation of the project NPV by incorporating the flotation cost into the discount rate used to compute the project NPV. The correct answer was B) Adjusting the cost of equity for flotation costs is incorrect because doing so entails adjusting the present value of cash flows by a fixed percentage over the life of the project. In reality, flotation costs are a cash outflow that occurs at the initiation of a project. Therefore, the correct way to account for flotation costs is to adjust the cash flows in the computation of project NPV, not the cost of equity. The dollar amount of the flotation cost should be considered an additional cash outflow at initiation of the project. | 
发表于 2008-4-8 10:47
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