manchester88

Studies using factor models have generally found the largest contributor to hedge fund returns to be:

A) traditional market factor exposures.

B) manager skill.

C) exotic beta exposures.

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Studies have found that the majority of hedge fund styles can be relatively closely replicated using traditional market exposures such as stock and bond indices, currency, and commodity market returns. These traditional market risk factors have been found to explain 50%–80% of hedge fund returns.

manchester88

Adding long volatility hedge fund strategies to a portfolio of short volatility hedge fund strategies is most likely to increase the attractiveness of the portfolio return’s:

A) Sharpe ratio.

B) skewness and kurtosis exposures.

C) reported volatility.

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Adding long volatility strategies to a portfolio of short volatility strategies would increase the volatility of portfolio returns and decrease the portfolio’s Sharpe ratio. However, the resulting portfolio returns distribution will be more normally distributed and skewness and kurtosis characteristics of the return distribution will be more attractive to investors.

manchester88

A hedge fund investor is most likely to express a preference for returns distribution that has:

A) a negative skew.

B) low kurtosis.

C) high variance.

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Investors prefer a return distribution with low kurtosis, low variance, a high mean and positive skewness.

manchester88

Which of the following is most accurate in describing the problems of survivorship bias and backfill bias in the performance evaluation of hedge funds?

A) Survivorship bias and backfill bias both result in downwardly biased hedge fund index returns.

B) Survivorship bias and backfill bias both result in upwardly biased hedge fund index returns.

C) Survivorship bias results in upwardly biased hedge fund index returns, but backfill bias results in downwardly biased hedge fund index returns.

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The problem in survivorship bias is that only the returns for survivors will be reported and the index return will be biased upwards. Backfill bias results when a new hedge fund is added to an index and the fund's historical performance is added to the index's historical performance. The problem is that only funds that survived will have their performance added to the index, resulting in an upward bias in index returns.

manchester88

A “risk arbitrage” (or “merger arbitrage”) strategy:

A) is considered a “long volatility” strategy.

B) experiences losses when a planned merger is cancelled.

C) involves purchasing the stock of an acquiring company.

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A merger arbitrage strategy is considered a “short volatility” strategy: this strategy will experience a loss if the expected merger is cancelled. This strategy involves purchasing the stock of the target company and shorting the stock of the acquiring company.

manchester88

A hedge fund with a fixed-income arbitrage strategy is most likely to suffer a loss when:

A) credit spreads widen quickly.

B) leverage becomes less expensive.

C) markets for lower quality debt become more liquid.

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Fixed-income arbitrage generally involves buying high-yielding (low quality) bonds while selling low-yielding (high quality) bonds. Leverage can be used in place of selling high quality bonds. This strategy can suffer great losses when credit spreads widen quickly, when leverage becomes more expensive, or when the markets for low-quality debt become less liquid.

burning0spear

Alpha hedge fund limits withdrawals by investors during the first three years by imposing a redemption fee of 3%. Such provisions by hedge funds are called:

A) hard lockup.

B) regulatory disclosure.

C) soft lockup.

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Lockups which allow for redemption on payment of penalty are called as soft lockup. Under hard lockup, withdrawals are not permitted.

burning0spear

Compared to a mutual fund, a hedge fund is most likely to have lower:

A) disclosure requirements.

B) lockup periods.

C) fees.

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Due to the unregulated nature of hedge funds, hedge funds are required to provide only minimal disclosure to investors (and even less disclosure to non-investors). Hedge funds often have a one, two, or three year lockup periods, while mutual funds generally have daily liquidity. Hedge fund fees are generally higher than mutual fund fees, because on top of a management fee (typically 2%), hedge funds also charge a performance fee (typically 20% of profits.)