1 Exravagant Projects - is when management continue to invest in high profile or pet projects even though the return on the investments is not in the best interest of the company and its shareholders. Empire Building 2) Entrenchment Strategies -- when managers invest in bad projects but in projects where they have a strong understanding so that they become more valuable to the company, or manipulate performance measures in their favor, take excessive or insufficient risk, resist hostile takeovers. 3) Self-Dealing – when managers increase their private benefit from running the firm