| Session 16: Derivative Investments: Forwards and Futures Reading 61: Futures Markets and Contracts
 
 
 LOS e: Describe backwardation and contango.     Backwardation refers to a situation where: 
 
 
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| A) | the futures price is below the spot price. |  |  
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| B) | the futures price is above the spot price. |  |  
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| C) | long hedgers outnumber short hedgers. |  |  
 
   
Backwardation refers to a situation where the futures price is below the spot price. For backwardation to occur, there must be a significant benefit to holding the asset, either monetary or non-monetary. |