joemoran

Here’s a hint that was given to me and I haven’t seen it fail yet (not that I’ve taken many tests yet): Investor statements override anything else when it comes to willingness. So, by mentioning that they dislike volatility, that’s pretty much automatically below average.
FWIW, I think the shortfall requirement piece sounds more related to ability to take risk. Willingness is pretty much based on feelings and attitudes and (again, I haven’t taken many tests yet, but) I have yet to see anything with numbers that affects willingness.