| William Morgan, CFA, manages a fixed-income portfolio that contains several bonds with embedded options. Morgan would like to evaluate the sensitivity of his portfolio to large interest rate changes and will therefore use a convexity measure in addition to duration. The convexity measure that will best estimate the price sensitivity of Morgan’s portfolio is: 
 
 
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| C) | either effective or modified convexity. |  |  
 
 
Effective convexity is the appropriate measure because it takes into account changes in cash flows due to embedded options, while modified convexity does not. |